As previously discussed, the mammalian tongue consists of an intricate array of variably aligned and extensively interwoven muscle fibers, meaning the DSI method used to analyze the excised bovine tongue ( Gilbert et al., 2006) gave superior results in regions of crossing fibers. The streamline DTI method, used in the human tongue study ( Gaige et al., 2007), substituted this angular resolution for the reduction in scan time necessary to perform an in vivo study of lingual myoarchitecture, highlighting an apparent trade-off between tracking precision and experimental feasibility. Tractography provided a good evaluation of muscle shape and of fiber orientation in human thigh muscles ( Budzik et al., 2007), and the 3D myoarchitecture of human ( Gaige et al., 2007) and bovine ( Gilbert et al., 2006) tongue have also been investigated. A 3D reconstruction of the tibialis anterior has shown the physiological cross-sectional area, fiber length, and pennation angle (the angle between the longitudinal axes of the whole muscle and its fibers) to be in agreement with the values obtained previously using invasive methods ( Heemskerk et al., 2005). Voxel-scale estimates of fiber orientations have been shown to correspond to the anatomical reality ( Van Doorn et al., 1996 Van Donkelaar et al., 1999), and a series of publications by Damon and Heemsherk have gone some way to validating fiber-tracking methods in skeletal muscle ( Damon et al., 2002 Heemskerk et al., 2005 Heemskerk and Damon, 2007 ). Parker, in Diffusion MRI (Second Edition), 2014 MuscleĪs described in Section 20.2.2, muscle is a useful model with which to test the validity of the tractography process. The differences between tonic (or slow) and twitch (or fast) fiber types are reflected in rise and fall time constants of the excitation dynamics that model the sagging or yielding properties, the activation frequency that represents the calcium dynamics, and the muscle force-length and muscle force-velocity properties. The level of effective activation of each fiber results from a linear combination of multiple motor unit activations weighted by their respective fractional physiological cross-sectional area. The effective recruitment signal is characterized by a rise and fall time constant that is determined by the first-order dynamics of the exchange of calcium between the nerve cells and muscle fiber within the motor unit. Upon recruitment, the lumped motor unit modulates its frequency according to an effective recruitment signal that is proportional to the amount of muscle recruited. The sudden recruitment of a motor unit at its initial firing rate causes a step increase of muscle force the size of that step is determined by the fractional physiological cross-sectional area of that unit, which is a function of the number of motor units. To model the forces within a muscle, it is essential to consider several recruitment schemes of multiple motor units for different fibers.
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You can play those as much as you want without spending a penny, as long as you don’t mind the occasional ad. You get Tower, Puzzle, Rush, and two daily challenges. This is a high score chaser at its core, and each mode has its own global leaderboard so you can compete with others around the world.įive modes are included in the free version of the game, which is supported by pop-up ads. There are eleven different modes, but the common denominator among them all is that you want to make words that will score big points. But on top of that, you get bonus points for using a gold tile, blue tiles clear a whole line, and a word made of five or more letters will clear all the tiles touching them, as well. The in-game tutorial does a good job explaining it, so I won’t get into too much detail. Also, letters can connect in any which way, even criss-crossing. The main difference here is that you’re not given any words to find - it’s all on you to come up with them. It’s similar to a word search, where you’re shown a page full of letters and you need to find specific words by connecting them in a line. The best strategy is to attempt to work within the system and hope that words fall into place.For those of you unfamiliar with the game, let me explain how it works. I can’t expect to play SpellTower by simply spelling things out. Through a variety of moves, which had little to do with words, I could clear the tiles between them, and the letter I needed would tumble down in line with the rest. It would be one too many rows over, or two rows above. Many times, I could almost spell out long words, but as I traced my finger over the tiles, I would reach the end and find that the final letter was missing. To score more than a paltry three- or four-letter word requires a lot of lateral thinking and a bit of luck. SpellTower needs to be approached from a different perspective. In my effort to make sense of SpellTower, I felt suspended between two things that seem similar, but are actually far apart: a game, and my own personal experience with it. I’m either on a subjective whim, or boring you with facts. It is even tougher to sort through my experiences with the game’s basic rules and find something readable to say about them-something that doesn’t wind up sounding like an instruction manual, or me telling you the story of the time I nearly read through the entire dictionary before petering out at the letter S. It is fairly hard shifting through a random batch of letters to find a highly prized word. First, while playing SpellTower, and, then, drafting this review. Not only does it make for a brain-picking puzzler, it illustrates the challenge of talking about game systems, which are fundamentally different from the way people speak. Another option is to do both: recite the facts while telling you about drinking coffee and watching TV but that solution is neither here nor there. I could talk about how the tower grows taller over time, as new rows of letters push old ones toward the top, as if Planet Puzzle League has been built out of a thesaurus. Another option would be to go over the rules at length, describing how the tiles have a gravity, and how they drop to fill in the gap left by words you remove from the screen. I might tell you that it is fun and well designed, but this says little about the game itself. If we were having a conversation, I might say that SpellTower goes well with a cup of coffee, or while halfway-watching an episode of The Walking Dead. You must conform to a set of rules that has nothing to do with verbs and nouns and adjectives, making it hard to recognize words that are churned out randomly. The other idea is that math will try to stop you. You draw lines through the letters to spell words, moving up, down, left, right, and diagonally across them. The idea is to find words randomly buried within a screen of mixed-up letters. And just as the keys of my laptop are placed in QWERTY layout, an invention that rearranged the alphabet in order to make typewriters less likely to jam, the tiles in SpellTower are randomly stacked in a tower-scrambled with the intent of confusing my familiarity with words. The tiles that are used in the game are a near-exact match for the flat, cleanly written keys of a Macbook. As I stared blankly at my computer, I noticed that the iPad game has a striking similarity to the keyboard. How do you even start to critique a word game? It’s funny that I had nothing to say about a game that is about words-and that I only got the ball rolling by thinking about something else. Coming up with anything to say about SpellTower is tricky. Consult the documentation for your specific application for more information. Other applications may require that you change the preferences or choose an interpretation option when the QuickTime file is imported. Adobe Premiere Pro CS3, for example, interprets QuickTime files in the same way that After Effects CS3 does the appearance of QuickTime files is consistent between the applications. Other video editing and motion graphics applications typically use their own methods to determine the gamma value of a file or they can adjust the value. How QuickTime Player displays a movie file may not be relevant to your workflow. For detailed information, read About Gamma and Tone Response in After Effects Help If you enable the Match Legacy After Effects QuickTime Gamma Adjustments option in the Project Settings in After Effects CS3, then it will not tag QuickTime files with the metadata tag when it renders them.That optionalso disables other QuickTime handling behaviors that are new to After Effects CS3, such as the ability to preserve overbright pixel values in QuickTime files in a 32-bpc project. Windows Vista: Users\\AppData\Roaming\Adobe\Common.Windows XP: Documents and Settings\\Application Data\Adobe\Common. Mac OS: Users//Library/Application Support/Adobe/Common.The file is located in the following folder: If you use a codec that is not in the MediaCoreQTGammaRules.xml file and you want After Effects to read and write the gamma tag to files that use this codec, you can edit the file to include your codec. The codecs that After Effects will use the gamma tag with are defined in a file, MediaCoreQTGammaRules.xml. In most cases, the update will resolve the gamma problems discussed in this document. The After Effects CS3 8.0.2 update changes the behavior so that After Effects only reads and writes the gamma tag with specific YUV codecs. This means that files that use RGB codecs (such as Animation or None) are over-corrected and look washed out or too light. However, for RGB codecs, 2.2 is not often the correct value. This value is correct for most YUV codecs such as DV and v210. The value that After Effects CS3 uses for this tag is always 2.2. When this tag is present, QuickTime Player uses that value instead of what it normally would use for that codec, and the resulting adjustment is consistent between Mac OS and Windows. In order to provide consistency between platforms, After Effects CS3 adds a metadata tag to exported QuickTime movie files that specifies what gamma adjustment to use. Refer to the documentation for QuickTime for more information about QuickTime settings. Note: On Windows, the result may be dependent on whether QuickTime Player is set to display through DirectX or Safe Mode (GDI). However, the gamma adjustments that QuickTime Player makes are not consistent between Mac OS and Windows, meaning that the same file may not look the same in QuickTime Player on Mac OS and Windows. QuickTime Player bases the amount of gamma adjustment on the codec in use (if the file is not tagged with a specific gamma value). When QuickTime Player displays a movie file, it adjusts the gamma in order to make the image look correct. The specific amount of gamma adjustment required to make a video file look correct depends on the given codec, the operating system (Mac OS and Windows assume different default gamma values), and any adjustments made to the system's color management settings (for example, Apple ColorSync on Mac OS). 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With you can easily plan, manage, and track every project in one place, with the help of time-saving and easy-to-use features such as automations, time tracking, document sharing, real-time collaboration, and more. This software provides fully customizable solutions for a wide range of use-cases such as marketing, sales, operations, IT, HR, and many more. Work OS is a no-code work management platform that helps teams manage projects and workflows more efficiently. The same year, Hernan Cortes led a small force from Cuba to the Gulf coast of Mexico, founded Veracruz, and set about destroying the Aztec empire. In 1519, just six years after Balboa had crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the entire Pacific Ocean for Spain, Pedro Arias de Avila, Balboa's father-in-law and executioner, founded the city of Panama on the Pacific coast. By mid-century, the native Ciboney of Hispaniola and western Cuba were extinct, and other tribes, including the Arawak of Puerto Rico, were nearly so.īeginning in 1508, Spanish settlements sprang up on the mainland of Central and South America. Others died of diseases to which they had no immunity. Many died in one-sided armed conflict with soldiers and settlers, or in forced servitude in mines and on plantations. After finding gold in recoverable quantities nearby, the Spanish quickly overran the island and spread to Puerto Rico in 1508, to Jamaica in 1509, and to Cuba in 1511. In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola. While England slept, Spain became dominant in the New World and on the high seas. England did not miss the entire European rediscovery of the Western Hemisphere, but did retire early. By 1502 Englishmen were trading in Newfoundland and parts south, and organizing syndicates, some involving Azorean Portuguese, to exploit the fisheries there. In 14 John Cabot, like Columbus a Genoese expatriate, explored eastern Canada under the English flag. In 1492, William Ayers, an Irishman undoubtedly familiar with English activities, sailed with Columbus on the Santa Maria. Bristol Mariners seem to have visited Canada in the 1480s, and Christopher Columbus may have learned of, and been inspired by, their voyages. |